BIOL 201

Study Guide for Exam 1

 

Chapter 1

Following successful study of this chapter, students should be able to:

 

1. Define or describe each of the following terms: biology, life, homeostasis, biological evolution, adaptations, natural selection, chemical evolution, cells, prokaryotic cells, photosynthesis, cyanobacteria, aerobic metabolism, anaerobic metabolism, ozone, eukaryotic cells, mitosis, gametes, meiosis, species, simple organisms, complex organisms, ancestral characteristics, derived characteristics, speciation events, ATOL initiative, domains, kingdoms, autotrophs, heterotrophs, binominal, genus, theory, controlled experiments, comparative method.

2. List and describe the characteristics of life. (e.g., metabolism, reproduction, and evolution) 3. List and describe the contributions made be each of the following

individuals: Count George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon, Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, Louis Pasteur, 4. List the three observations and one conclusion that Darwin made with regards to the theory of evolution by natural selection.

5. List and describe the two key developments that made the evolution of multicellular organisms possible.

6. Explain why sexual reproduction was important for the evolutionary process.

7. List in order the hierarchical levels of the organization of life.

8. List and describe the three domains.

9. Describe the hypothesis-prediction (H-P) approach (scientific method) to scientific inquiry.

10. Apply the hypothesis-prediction approach to a  biological problem or situation.

 

Chapter 2

Following successful study of this chapter, students should be able to:

 

1. Define or describe each of the following terms: mechanistic view of life, nucleus, electron, proton, neutron, mass, dalton, element, atomic number, mass number, atomic weight,  isotope, radioisotope, orbital, energy shell, molecule, octet rule, covalent bond, molecule weight, electronegativity, hydrogen bond, ions, cations, anions, ionic bonds, hydrophilic molecules, hydrophobic molecules, van der Waals forces, reactants, products, energy, potential energy, calorie, joule, solute, solvent, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, mole, Avogadro's number, acids, bases, pH, reversible reaction, buffers, isomers, structural isomers, optical isomers 2. Describe the structure of an atom.

3. List and describe the unique characteristics of water.

4. Recognize and label the functional groups that are important to living systems.

 

Chapter 3

Following successful study of this chapter, students should be able to:

 

1. Define or describe each of the following terms: macromolecules, polymers, monomers, condensation reactions, hydrolysis reactions, amino acids, R group (side chain),  residue, polypeptide chain, disulfide chain, alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, ligands, denaturation, chaperonins, monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, hexoses, pentoses, glycosidic linkages, starch, glycogen, cellulose, galactosamine, chitin, phospholipids, carotenoids, steroids, triglycerides, fats, oils, glycerol, fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, vitamins, ester linkages, wax, nucleotides, nitrogen-containing base, pyrimidine, purine, nucleoside, phosphodiester linkage, complimentary base pairing, ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, ribozymes, ATP, GTP, and cAMP, spontaneous generation, Francesco Redi, Louis Pasteur, biogenesis 2. Describe the Miller-Urey experiment.  List and describe the conclusions of this study.

3. List and describe the characteristics of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

4. Describe the organizational structure of proteins (e.g., primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary).  Able to predict the three-dimensional structure of a protein based upon its primary structure.

5. List and describe the environmental factors that influence the shape of proteins.

6. Describe the function for each of the following Vitamins: Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K.

7. Contrast DNA with RNA.

8. List and describe the evidence that supports the hypothesis that early life was part of an "RNA world".

 

Chapter 4

 

Following successful study of this chapter, students should be able to:

 

1. Define or describe each of the following terms: On the Origin of Species, cell theory,  probionts, bubble theory,  resolution, light microscope, electron microscope, nucleoid, cytosol, peptidoglycan, capsule, flagellin, cytoskeleton,  organelles, cell fractionation, nuclear envelop, nuclear pores, chromatin, chromsomes, nucleoplasm, nuclear matrix, nuclear lamina, lamins, endomembrane system, phagocytosis, autophagy, outer mitochondrial membrane, inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae, mitochondrial matrix, plastids, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, grana, thylakoids, stroma, symbiosis, microfilaments, myosin, actin, myosin, cytoplasmic streaming, psedopodia, intermediate filaments, microtubules, tubulin, motor proteins, dynein, kinesin, plasmodesmata, extracellular matrix, collagen, basal lamina, proteoglycan, 2. Describe how the surface area-to-volume area relates to cell size.

3. Contrast prokaryotic cells with eukaryotic cells.

4. Describe the structure and function for each of the following cellular

components: plasma membrane, ribosomes, bacterial cell wall, flagella, pili, nucleus, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacoules, chloroplasts, nucleolus, chromoplasts, leucoplasts,  peroxisomes, glyoxysome, cilia, basal body, centrioles, plant cell wall, 5. List and describe the evidence that supports the theory of endosymbiosis.