Click here for a couple of example outlines that students created in previous quarters.

http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbc/ good home page.

The American Psychiatric Association in its position statement on Psychiatric Treatment and Sexual Orientation states: The potential risks of "reparative therapy" are great, including depression, anxiety and self-destructive behavior, since therapist alignment with societal prejudices against homosexuality may reinforce self-hatred already experienced by the patient. Many patients who have undergone "reparative therapy" relate that they were inaccurately told that homosexuals are lonely, unhappy individuals who never achieve acceptance or satisfaction. The possibility that the person might achieve happiness and satisfying interpersonal relationships as a gay man or lesbian is not presented, nor are alternative approaches to dealing with the effects of societal stigmatization discussed.

Ronald Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis

www.BipolarAwareness.com from Eli Lilly to take to your doctor

Have a few books on Prozac, and Listening to Prozac on tape.

Beck Depression Inventory

Criteria for anxiety disorders

Adebimpe, V. R. (1981). Overview: White norms and psychiatric diagnosis of Black patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 279-285.

This article points out the subjective nature of clinical interview data collection and highlights that the possibility for error is greater in the areas of language differences, modes of communication and expression of distress which are salient to the diagnosis of Blacks with symptomology. The author points out that stereotypes of Blacks also confound the diagnostic activity, particularly for the White clinician. In doing so, he calls attention to the social and political implications of misdiagnoses. Although dated, this article serves as a good source for discussions of labeling related to the classification/diagnosis unit.

Jones, B. E., and Gray, B. A. (1986). Problems in diagnosing schizophrenia and affective disorders among Blacks. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 37, 61-65.

The article is dated in the sense that it makes reference to shortcomings in DSM III, however, important points about misdiagnoses concerning Blacks are made thus making it a worthwhile resource. Misdiagnosis occurs among Blacks and lower socioeconomic groups with respect to overdiagnosis of schizophrenia and underdiagnosis of affective disorders. Over reliance on the thought disorder symptomatology of schizophrenia diagnosis, underreliance on thought disorder symptomology for affective disorder, poor consensus in the field on the difference between normal and abnormal mood, and little understanding of language and mannerisms in these groups are identified as factors contributing to the misdiagnoses. Specific cultural factors in Blacks and Hispanics related to misdiagnoses are discussed. The establishment of baseline behaviors and symptomology for Blacks is suggested. This is an excellent source for discussions of clinical judgment, diagnostic systems, and the design of clinical research investigations to establish baseline behaviors in various cultural groups. Neighbors, H. W., Jackson, J. S., Campbell, L., & Williams, D. (1989). The influence of racial factors on psychiatric diagnosis: A review and suggestions for research. Community Mental Health Journal, 25, 301-311. This review article presents prevalence figures to substantiate the point that Blacks are misdiagnosed more often with schizophrenia and less often with affective disorders than Whites who exhibit similar symptomatology. The article is dated in that it refers to the DSM-III system rather than DSM-III-R or DSM IV where a more explicit definition of symptomology has been accomplished. Specific suggestions of research designs to investigate alternate ways to decrease misdiagnoses among Blacks and increase cultural awareness of the language and mannerisms of Blacks related to symptomology are given (for example, the use of structured interviews by both White and Black clinicians to differentially diagnose Black and White clients). Given the merit of these ideas and the date of the article, this resource would best serve as an invitation to students to discuss these ideas and locate evidence to support and refute them in the current literature.

King, J., Beals, J., Manson, S. M., & Trimble, J. E. (1992). A structural equation model of factors related to substance abuse among American Indian adolescents. Drugs and Society, 6(3-4), 253-268.

A structural equation modeling was used to test alternative models of the relative influence of such life experiences (life stress, social support, & depression) on the nature and extent of alcohol and drug use.

LaDue, R. A. (1991). Coyote returns: Survival for Native American women. In P. Roth (Ed.), Alcohol and drugs are women's issues. Volume One: A review of the issues. Metuchen, NJ: Women's Action Alliance and the Scarecrow Press, Incorporated.

A sensitively written work about the issues pertinent in alcohol abuse for Native American women. The break in the cultural circle of life along with other alcohol abuse problems is identified as a factor that contributes to the destruction of native communities.

Manson, S. (1989). Risk factors for suicide among Indian adolescents at a boarding school. Public Health Report, 104(6), 609-614.

Just as the title suggests.

Moncher, M. S., Holden, G. W., & Trimble, J. E. (1990). Substance abuse among Native American youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 408-415.

Substance use and abuse poses serious risks for American-Indian youth, their families, and their communities. This article briefly reviews social epidemiological data followed by a discussion of culturally relevant etiological factors.

List of States of Consciousness

Criteria for  distinguising States of Consciousness

Kirmayer, L. J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology: Taijin kyofusho and DSM III-R. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 19-28.

This article describes the need for clarification of cultural context and function of diagnosis and the development of a syndrome indigenous to Japan of Taijim Kyofusho. The author describes the symptoms and early learning experiences in Japan which seem to foster this social fear of interpersonal relations. In doing so, he underscores the limits of the DSM III-R nosology which allows for a diagnosis based on presence of symptomology. To the psychology educator, this work provides both a source of information about maladaptive symptoms in Japan and emphasizes the importance of knowledge of cultural context.

Kleinmare, A. (1986). Social origins of distress and disease: Depression, neurasthenia, and pain in modern China. New Haven: Yale University Press.

This world famous anthropologist/psychiatrist presents his findings from field-research studies of illness and care in Chinese society. Of particular relevance is his explanation for the low prevalence of depression in the Chinese culture.

Phillips, F. B. (1990). NTU Psychotherapy: An Afrocentric approach. The Journal of Black Psychology, 17, 55-74.

This article describes a type of therapy, NTU (pronounced "in-too") based on a central African concept of a unifying force that reaches all aspects of existence. The emphasis in this approach is on a natural ordered emification of mind, body and spirit. Core aspects of this African philosophy are thought to be influenced by African American culture. These aspects are congruent to a Hemonistic perspective. As such, one goal of the therapy is congruence with oneself. The therapeutic relationship is paramount in this psychotherapy. African principles of Narigo Saba are emphasized as spiritual guidelines for the individual to follow and acceptance of these views allow the healing process to begin. The varied aspects involved in this therapeutic process are described. This is a valuable resource for discussions in an Abnormal Psychology class of faith healing, cultural influences to the expression and manifestation of disorder and therapeutic process.

Strickland, T. L. (1995). Comparison of lithium ratio between African American and CaucAsian bipolar patients. Biological Psychiatry, 37(5), 325-330.

Findings suggest that African Americans may be more susceptible to the side effects associated with lithium treatment, such that lower doses may be necessary.

Elizabeth Ettorre and Elianne Riska, Gendered Moods: Psychotropics and Society (Routledge)

Verta Taylor, Rock-a-bye-Baby: Feminism, Self-Help, and Postpartum Depression (Routledge)

Elizabeth Ettorre and Elianne Riska, Gendered Moods: Psychotropics and Society

Say No To Psychiatry: The Dangers and Harm of the Modern Sham Pseudoscience Known as Psychiatry

Arthur Kleinman, Rethinking Psychiatry (Free Press)

R.D. Laing, The Politics of Experience

R.D. Laing, The Divided Self

Film: "The Promise" hmm????

Peter Sedgwick, Psycho Politics: Laing, Foucault, Goffman, Szasz, and the Future of Mass Psychiatry

Joseph P. Morrissey, Howard H. Goldman, and Lorraine V. Klerman, "Cycles of Institutional Reform" (R)

Erving Goffman, Asylums (R)

Morris Schwartz and Alfred Stanton, The Mental Hospital Anselm Straus et al., Psychiatric Ideologies and Institutions John K. Wing and George W. Brown, Institutionalism and Schizophrenia

Phil Brown and Elizabeth Cooksey, "Mental Health Monopoly: Corporate Trends in Mental Health Services" Social Science & Medicine 1989, 28:1129-1138 (R)

David Rochefort, From Poorhouses to Homelessness: Policy Analysis and Mental Health Care

Theodore Marmor and Karyn Gill, "The Political and Economic Context of Mental Health Care in the United States,"Journal of Health Policy, Politics, and Law 1989 14:459-475 (R)

As part of my coverage of disorders in the intro class, I show Back from Madness: The Struggle for Sanity (1996) from HBO films. The film follows 4 people over a 2 year or so period and shows the treatment they experience during this time. Each person is diagnosed with a different disorder: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and OCD. The filmmakers do an excellent job humanizing the people who are struggling with their disorders. Available at http://www.pdassoc.com/bfm.html

John McGregor, The Discovery of the Art of the Insane Intro, Ch. 1-5 (R)

Alan Roland, ed., Psychoanalysis, Creativity and Literature: A French-American Inquiry

Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer & The Nineteenth Century Imagination

Max Byrd, Visits to Bedlam: Madness and Literature in the 18th Century

Michael DePorte, Nightmares and Hobbyhorses: Swift, Sterne and Augustan Ideas of Madness

Penelope Doob, Nebuchadnezzar's Children: Conventions of Madness in Middle English Literature

Marianne Yalom, Maternity, Mortality, and the Literature of Madness

Look for these on the web:
National Institute of Mental Health
Internet Mental Health
Health-Center
Mental Health Net
DISCLAIMER: Any reference to a commercial product, process, service, company or organization is not an endorsement or recommendation of the instructor. The instructor does not necessarily subscribe to or support the views found on the linked sites, and it is recognized that some views may be of questionable value. Information found there is no substitute for competent professional consultation.